is broadcasting (TV and Radio etc.) which is intended for the public and is primarily there to serve the audience. PSB is purely there and is broadcast for (rather than commercial purposes) the public benefit. An example is the BBC (UK), as the broadcasting does not sell advertising slots and it is overall funded by a licence fee. The Licence fee was first introduced by Lord Reith who is the founder, and in 1925 he presented a statement of his views mainly on broadcasting and these were set up as guidelines. The main statement was that broadcasting should educate, inform and entertain (in that order, meaning that entertainment is the least important) meaning that compared to now, Lord Reith was trying to make TV mainly for education and informative reasons, therefore programs such as the news, religious and children's programmes had to be broadcast on TV for a certain amount of time each day. There are also regulations such as "avoiding the vulgar and hurtful" and "remain free from commercial and government pressures", which are mainly from Ofcom, an independent regulator of TV and radio.
Commercial Broadcasting
began in the United Kingdom in 1954. Channels such as ITV, Channel 4 and Five are funded from advertising revenue streams and subscriptions so they are commercial broadcasting channels. Other channels include Sky/Freesat (which are from Satellite), Virgin (which is from Cable) and channels like ITV and Channel 4 (which are Terrestrial). Audiences can pay to view the channels therefore the providers are looking for bigger audiences. Companies can buy 'advertising slots' which are generally more expensive during 'peak times', which in the UK is 6pm-10:30pm, which is when the audience will be the biggest and most people will be watching.
Corporate Ownership
This a corporation set up by individuals/companies set up with a charter. An example of corporate ownership is the BBC, which set up it's first Royal Charter in 1928. A Royal Charter is a document that grants rights to a body corporate or individual.
This a corporation set up by individuals/companies set up with a charter. An example of corporate ownership is the BBC, which set up it's first Royal Charter in 1928. A Royal Charter is a document that grants rights to a body corporate or individual.
Private Ownership
is where the corporation is not owned by the government or the public. An example is ITV and also companies such a Coca Cola.
is where the corporation is not owned by the government or the public. An example is ITV and also companies such a Coca Cola.
Global Companies
Media companies are characterized by concentration of ownership. There are 6 major "big companies" which are Viacom, News Corporation, TimeWarner, The Walt Disney Company, Sony, and General Electric being the biggest. Each of these companies own many assets. For an example, Viacom owns many television networks such as Nickelodeon, Comedy Gold and MTV and General Electric owns many American TV networks such as NBC, Bravo and SyFy.
Media companies are characterized by concentration of ownership. There are 6 major "big companies" which are Viacom, News Corporation, TimeWarner, The Walt Disney Company, Sony, and General Electric being the biggest. Each of these companies own many assets. For an example, Viacom owns many television networks such as Nickelodeon, Comedy Gold and MTV and General Electric owns many American TV networks such as NBC, Bravo and SyFy.
Vertical Integration
is when a media conglomerate owns companies in each of the sectors. The 3 sectors are Producers, Distributors and Exhibitors. The producers will produce the product, the distributors will distribute that product to the exhibitors, which are the cinemas etc.
For an example, a Studio such as TimeWarner owns the New Line Distributors and then this Distributor owns exhibitors (which own the cinemas). There are laws that sometimes prevent full vertical integration being completed.
is when a media conglomerate owns companies in each of the sectors. The 3 sectors are Producers, Distributors and Exhibitors. The producers will produce the product, the distributors will distribute that product to the exhibitors, which are the cinemas etc.
For an example, a Studio such as TimeWarner owns the New Line Distributors and then this Distributor owns exhibitors (which own the cinemas). There are laws that sometimes prevent full vertical integration being completed.
Horizontal Integration
is buying companies in the same sector of an industry in order to increase your market share. For an example, Rupert Murdoch buys Newspapers, therefore this is horizontal integration. He owns assets such as The Sun and The Times.
Monopoly
is total ownership of a sector in an industry (basically full horizontal integration), however, this is illegal. For example, if Rupert Murdoch owned every single newspaper then that would be a monopoly. Since this is an illegal act, trying to 'knock out' other papers is the best technique to try and move higher in the industry and be more successful.
Methods of Funding for Film and Television
1) The licence fee-
Is when you pay for the rights the product. For example, you have to pay for a television license to be able to view TV legally.
2) One off purchases-
Paying for something only once, eg. DVD, BluRay, Cinema
3) Subscription Funding-
Paying on a regular basis eg. Sky
4) Pay-Per-View-
Paying to watch particular channels every time eg. Sky Box Office/Sports/Movies
5) Sponsorship-
When a brand or a company sponsors a program, eg. Aunt Bessie's sponsors The Chase on ITV.
6) Advertising-
Where people encourage the audience to buy their products/goods by attracting the audience. One main method of advertising is on TV between programmes, such as on ITV.
7) Product Placement-
When a company pays for their product to be displayed in a programme or film, for example, in James Bond, he drives a BMW.
8) Private Capital-
Private capital groups or individual investors that fund certain business operations, for an example, Megan Ellison.
9) Financial Aid and Development Funds-
These include events such as the Lottery.
10) Crowd Funding-
This is raising finance by asking for a small amount of money from a large number of people.
Methods of Funding for Film and Television
1) The licence fee-
Is when you pay for the rights the product. For example, you have to pay for a television license to be able to view TV legally.
2) One off purchases-
Paying for something only once, eg. DVD, BluRay, Cinema
3) Subscription Funding-
Paying on a regular basis eg. Sky
4) Pay-Per-View-
Paying to watch particular channels every time eg. Sky Box Office/Sports/Movies
5) Sponsorship-
When a brand or a company sponsors a program, eg. Aunt Bessie's sponsors The Chase on ITV.
6) Advertising-
Where people encourage the audience to buy their products/goods by attracting the audience. One main method of advertising is on TV between programmes, such as on ITV.
7) Product Placement-
When a company pays for their product to be displayed in a programme or film, for example, in James Bond, he drives a BMW.
8) Private Capital-
Private capital groups or individual investors that fund certain business operations, for an example, Megan Ellison.
9) Financial Aid and Development Funds-
These include events such as the Lottery.
10) Crowd Funding-
This is raising finance by asking for a small amount of money from a large number of people.
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